{"id":3981,"date":"2020-05-03T18:30:31","date_gmt":"2020-05-03T18:30:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/?p=3981"},"modified":"2020-05-03T19:18:58","modified_gmt":"2020-05-03T19:18:58","slug":"%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%86%d9%88%d8%b3-%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b3%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b4%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/?p=3981","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0644: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/b>\u00a0(<a title=\"1237 \u0647\u0640\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1237_%D9%87%D9%80\">1237 \u0647\u0640<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a title=\"1822\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1822\">1822<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a title=\"1279 \u0647\u0640\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1279_%D9%87%D9%80\">1279 \u0647\u0640<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<a title=\"18 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/18_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1\">18 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"1863\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1863\">1863<\/a>)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u00a0<a title=\"24 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/24_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88\">24 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"1854\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1854\">1854<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<a title=\"18 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/18_%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1\">18 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"1863\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1863\">1863<\/a>\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7\">\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/a>. \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3\">\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/a> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\" role=\"navigation\" aria-labelledby=\"mw-toc-heading\">\n<p><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"ar\">\n<h2 id=\"mw-toc-heading\">\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%87\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%87\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%87\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\".D9.85.D9.86_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A3.D8.B9.D9.85.D8.A7.D9.84_.D9.81.D9.8A_.D8.B9.D9.87.D8.AF.D9.87\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0645\u0646_\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644_\u0641\u064a_\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1854\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1854\">1854\u0645<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621\u00a0<a title=\"\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B3\">\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u00a0<a title=\"\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3\">\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"image\" style=\"text-transform: initial;\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_Mohamed_Sa%C3%AFd_Pacha.jpg\"><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f8\/L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_Mohamed_Sa%C3%AFd_Pacha.jpg\/220px-L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_Mohamed_Sa%C3%AFd_Pacha.jpg\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f8\/L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_Mohamed_Sa%C3%AFd_Pacha.jpg\/330px-L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_Mohamed_Sa%C3%AFd_Pacha.jpg 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f8\/L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_Mohamed_Sa%C3%AFd_Pacha.jpg\/440px-L%27Illustration_1862_gravure_Mohamed_Sa%C3%AFd_Pacha.jpg 2x\" alt=\"L'Illustration 1862 gravure Mohamed Sa\u00efd Pacha.jpg\" width=\"220\" height=\"283\" data-file-width=\"4394\" data-file-height=\"5661\" \/><\/a>\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642 \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"5 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5_%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%B3\">5 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"1858\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1858\">1858<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0637\u0647\u064a\u0631\u00a0<a title=\"\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-1\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF\">\u0633\u0643\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u00a0<a title=\"\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84\">\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1854\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1854\">1854<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"1857\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1857\">1857<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-3\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0623\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646<sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-4\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646<sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-5\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0647<sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-6\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a<sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-7\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0642\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82\">\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0642<\/a><sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-8\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u00a0<a title=\"\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u064a<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647<sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-9\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u00a0<a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160405121521\/https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AAG_3IuOgYs\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3><span id=\".D8.AD.D8.B1.D9.88.D8.A8_.D9.81.D9.8A_.D8.B9.D9.87.D8.AF.D9.87\"><\/span><span id=\"\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628_\u0641\u064a_\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u062e\u0627\u0636\u062a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83\">\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0643<\/a>: \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u00a0<a title=\"\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7\">\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB\">\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634\u00a0<a title=\"\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628<sup id=\"cite_ref-\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642_1-10\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7#cite_note-%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-1\">[1]<\/a><\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633<\/p>\n<pre>1) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a 1862 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 2) \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633: \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0633 \u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646:<\/pre>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1854 \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 99 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1856 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u062d\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647:<\/p>\n<pre>1) \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u064a: *\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 * \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f ) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 * \u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 * \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 2) \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0640\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 3) \u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 99 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 4) \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633 (80%) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 ( \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629) 5) \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 15% \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 6) \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u062d\u062a\u0647<\/pre>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643: -\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 -\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\".D8.B2.D9.88.D8.AC.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87_.D9.88.D8.A3.D8.A8.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.A6.D9.87\"><\/span><span id=\"\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647_\u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647<\/span><span class=\"mw-editsection\"><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">[<\/span><a title=\"\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645: \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3\">\u0639\u062f\u0644<\/a><span class=\"mw-editsection-bracket\">]<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8:%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A&amp;action=edit\">\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/a><\/div>\n<div><a class=\"image\" title=\"\/\/ar.wikipedia.org{{localurl:\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628:\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Icons-mini-page_edit.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/40\/Icons-mini-page_edit.gif\" alt=\"\/\/ar.wikipedia.org{{localurl:\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628:\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" data-file-width=\"16\" data-file-height=\"16\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7\">\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646<\/a>\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a<\/a><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a title=\"\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/30\/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Egypt.png\/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Egypt.png\" srcset=\"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/30\/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Egypt.png\/203px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Egypt.png 1.5x, \/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/30\/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Egypt.png\/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Egypt.png 2x\" alt=\"Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Egypt.png\" width=\"135\" height=\"176\" data-file-width=\"488\" data-file-height=\"637\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<table border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a class=\"mw-disambig\" title=\"\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 (\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d)\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)\">\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a class=\"mw-selflink selflink\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84\">\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%82\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 (\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646)\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86)\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a title=\"\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85\">\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645<\/a><\/td>\n<td>\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a title=\"\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85\">\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a title=\"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a>\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/p>\n<h1 class=\"pagetitle\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 (\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645)<\/h1>\n<div id=\"atstbx\" class=\"at-resp-share-element at-style-responsive addthis-smartlayers addthis-animated at4-show\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"at-b64ee5d7-6a98-4198-b1d1-32a3e2c57b37\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"at-share-btn-elements\"><a class=\"at-icon-wrapper at-share-btn at-svc-compact\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span class=\"at4-share-count-container\">10<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"contentSub\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"mw-content-text\" class=\"mw-content-rtl\" dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"ar\">\n<div class=\"mw-parser-output\">\n<table class=\"infobox vcard\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th class=\"fn\" colspan=\"2\">\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<br \/>\nSaid Pasha<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><i><a title=\"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a><br \/>\n<\/i><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Regno_d%27Egitto.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/images\/b\/b2\/Regno_d%27Egitto.gif\" alt=\"Regno d'Egitto.gif\" width=\"150\" height=\"161\" data-file-width=\"107\" data-file-height=\"115\" \/><\/a><i><\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"photo\" colspan=\"2\"><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Muhammad_Said_Pascha_1855_Nadar.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/images\/thumb\/1\/1a\/Muhammad_Said_Pascha_1855_Nadar.jpg\/200px-Muhammad_Said_Pascha_1855_Nadar.jpg\" srcset=\"\/images\/thumb\/1\/1a\/Muhammad_Said_Pascha_1855_Nadar.jpg\/300px-Muhammad_Said_Pascha_1855_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, \/images\/thumb\/1\/1a\/Muhammad_Said_Pascha_1855_Nadar.jpg\/400px-Muhammad_Said_Pascha_1855_Nadar.jpg 2x\" alt=\"Muhammad Said Pascha 1855 Nadar.jpg\" width=\"200\" height=\"287\" data-file-width=\"1115\" data-file-height=\"1600\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f<\/th>\n<td>1854 &#8211; 1863<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647<\/th>\n<td><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7\">\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0629<\/a><\/th>\n<td><a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"image\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumbimage\" src=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/images\/6\/6c\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.JPG\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"193\" data-file-width=\"150\" data-file-height=\"193\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\n<div class=\"magnify\"><\/div>\n<p><b>\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/b><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/b>\u00a0(\u0648.\u00a0<a title=\"1822\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/1822\">1822<\/a>&#8211; \u062a.\u00a0<a title=\"1863\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/1863\">1863<\/a>)\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u00a0<a title=\"1854\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/1854\">1854<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a0<a title=\"1863\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/1863\">1863<\/a>\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/a>. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u00a0<\/a>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0648 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a title=\"\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3\">\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"toc\" class=\"toc\">\n<p><input id=\"toctogglecheckbox\" class=\"toctogglecheckbox\" role=\"button\" type=\"checkbox\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"rtl\" lang=\"ar\">\n<h2>\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D8.AD.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.A8.D9.83.D8.B1.D8.A9\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.84.D9.8A.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AD.D9.83.D9.85\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D8.A5.D9.86.D8.AC.D8.A7.D8.B2.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D9.86.D9.82.D8.AF\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0646\u0642\u062f<\/span><\/a>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D9.82.D8.AF_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B0.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.8A\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D9.82.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.88.D9.8A.D8.B3\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D8.A3.D9.88.D8.B3.D9.85.D8.A9_.D9.88.D8.AA.D9.83.D8.B1.D9.8A.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.AA\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D8.AD.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AE.D8.A7.D8.B5.D8.A9\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.87.D8.A7.D9.85.D8.B4\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><span id=\"marefa-block-1\" class=\"marefa-inline-ad\"><ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" data-ad-slot=\"7076511375\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-5007306297648877\" data-adsbygoogle-status=\"done\"><ins id=\"aswift_3_expand\"><ins id=\"aswift_3_anchor\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"aswift_3\" src=\"https:\/\/googleads.g.doubleclick.net\/pagead\/ads?client=ca-pub-5007306297648877&amp;output=html&amp;h=60&amp;slotname=7076511375&amp;adk=3506333936&amp;adf=1799643202&amp;w=468&amp;lmt=1588515031&amp;psa=1&amp;guci=1.2.0.0.2.2.0.0&amp;format=468x60&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marefa.org%2F%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF_%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7_(%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D9%2585)&amp;flash=0&amp;wgl=1&amp;adsid=ChEI8Ne59QUQ_b_Vtb24q7e7ARJIAK6IAAPP-oNpAZKVC7J4TcEZdOQrnjvtn-DAcdQTvhTku-MfSGRo1ZhCDG7o29bzAsXgBPiH1MAjBVsUZ3wE8AatetmbE_IA&amp;dt=1588533035951&amp;bpp=5&amp;bdt=6122&amp;idt=3061&amp;shv=r20200428&amp;cbv=r20190131&amp;ptt=9&amp;saldr=aa&amp;abxe=1&amp;prev_fmts=160x600%2C160x600%2C970x90&amp;correlator=4301649845277&amp;frm=20&amp;pv=1&amp;ga_vid=93273747.1486073464&amp;ga_sid=1588533039&amp;ga_hid=2017737769&amp;ga_fc=0&amp;iag=0&amp;icsg=171859681960&amp;dssz=34&amp;mdo=0&amp;mso=0&amp;u_tz=180&amp;u_his=3&amp;u_java=0&amp;u_h=800&amp;u_w=1280&amp;u_ah=760&amp;u_aw=1280&amp;u_cd=24&amp;u_nplug=3&amp;u_nmime=4&amp;adx=477&amp;ady=552&amp;biw=1263&amp;bih=640&amp;scr_x=0&amp;scr_y=300&amp;eid=21065473%2C21065475%2C410075106&amp;oid=3&amp;pvsid=4177012548363774&amp;pem=741&amp;ref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&amp;rx=0&amp;eae=0&amp;fc=896&amp;brdim=0%2C0%2C0%2C0%2C1280%2C0%2C1280%2C760%2C1280%2C640&amp;vis=1&amp;rsz=o%7Co%7CoeE%7C&amp;abl=NS&amp;pfx=0&amp;fu=8208&amp;bc=31&amp;jar=2020-05-03-19&amp;ifi=4&amp;uci=a!4&amp;fsb=1&amp;xpc=0pZB3UJu7E&amp;p=https%3A\/\/www.marefa.org&amp;dtd=3076\" name=\"aswift_3\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" sandbox=\"allow-forms allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-google-container-id=\"a!4\" data-google-query-id=\"CLP6leCymOkCFRi53godun8O0w\" data-load-complete=\"true\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/ins><\/ins><\/ins><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647_\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\"><\/span><span id=\".D8.AD.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.A8.D9.83.D8.B1.D8.A9\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0628\u0646\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\" 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class=\"adsbygoogle\" data-ad-slot=\"3456545157\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-5007306297648877\" data-adsbygoogle-status=\"done\"><ins id=\"aswift_4_expand\"><ins id=\"aswift_4_anchor\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"aswift_4\" 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name=\"aswift_4\" width=\"970\" height=\"90\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" sandbox=\"allow-forms allow-pointer-lock allow-popups allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox allow-same-origin allow-scripts allow-top-navigation-by-user-activation\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-google-container-id=\"a!5\" data-google-query-id=\"CPL-leCymOkCFcw24Aod0SgE0g\" data-load-complete=\"true\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/ins><\/ins><\/ins><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\"><\/span><span id=\".D9.82.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.A9_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.B3.D9.88.D9.8A.D8.B3\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1854\u0645 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title=\"\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A\">\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644 (2)\u00a0: &#8221; \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062c\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 , \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0641\u0632 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0649 , \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0647 &#8221; \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 &#8221; \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 (3) \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644\u00a0: &#8221; \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 &#8221; .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0623\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0623\u0640\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0648 \u0643\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0649 (Cocheris) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0649 (4): &#8221; \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0626\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1854 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0633&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0627\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0633 \u062d\u0642 \u062d\u0641\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 (5)\u00a0: &#8221; \u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 , \u0641\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0625\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u064a\u062a\u0647&#8221;.\u00a0<sup id=\"cite_ref-2\" class=\"reference\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#cite_note-2\">[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0629_\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\"><\/span><span id=\".D8.A3.D9.88.D8.B3.D9.85.D8.A9_.D9.88.D8.AA.D9.83.D8.B1.D9.8A.D9.85.D8.A7.D8.AA\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Order of Glory of\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ottoman Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/Ottoman_Empire\">Ottoman Empire<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Special Class of the Order of the Osmans of\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ottoman Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/Ottoman_Empire\">Ottoman Empire<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Special Class of the Order of Nobility of\u00a0<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"Ottoman Empire\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/Ottoman_Empire\">Ottoman Empire<\/a>-1853<\/li>\n<li>Grand Cross of the\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"Order of Saint Joseph (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=Order_of_Saint_Joseph&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Order of Saint Joseph<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"Grand Duchy of Tuscany (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Grand Duchy of Tuscany<\/a>-1856<\/li>\n<li>Grand Cross of the\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"Order of the Netherlands Lion (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Order of the Netherlands Lion<\/a>-1856<\/li>\n<li>Grand Cross of the\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"Legion d'Honneur (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=Legion_d%27Honneur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">Legion d&#8217;Honneur<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"Second French Empire (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=Second_French_Empire&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">France<\/a>-1863<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647_\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\"><\/span><span id=\".D8.AD.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AA.D9.87_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AE.D8.A7.D8.B5.D8.A9\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u0645\u0644\u0641:\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627.gif\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9&amp;wpDestFile=%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.gif\">\u0645\u0644\u0641:\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627.gif<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"thumb tleft\">\n<div class=\"thumbinner\">\n<p><a class=\"new\" title=\"\u0645\u0644\u0641:\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627.gif\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%B9&amp;wpDestFile=%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85_%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7.gif\">\u0645\u0644\u0641:\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627.gif<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"thumbcaption\">\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u00a0<a class=\"new\" title=\"\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634\"><\/span><span id=\".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.87.D8.A7.D9.85.D8.B4\" class=\"mw-headline\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"reflist references-column-width\">\n<div class=\"mw-references-wrap\">\n<ol class=\"references\">\n<li id=\"cite_note-1\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#cite_ref-1\">^<\/a><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.eg\/nae\/Content?id=_1234117814547&amp;lang=ar\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li id=\"cite_note-2\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7_(%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85)#cite_ref-2\">^<\/a><\/b>\u00a0<span class=\"reference-text\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http:\/\/coptichistory.org\/new_page_169.htm\" rel=\"nofollow\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<table class=\"wikitable succession-box\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\">\n<div>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 (\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645)<\/div>\n<div><b><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/b><\/div>\n<p><b>\u0648\u064f\u0644\u0650\u062f:<\/b>\u00a01822\u00a0<b>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a:<\/b>\u00a01863<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" width=\"30%\">\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647<br \/>\n<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"1\" width=\"40%\"><b><a title=\"\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0645\u0635\u0631\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1\">\u0645\u0635\u0631<\/a>\u00a0<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646<\/a><\/b><br \/>\n1854-1863<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" width=\"30%\">\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647<br \/>\n<a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7\">\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\".D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9\"><\/span>.<\/h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable succession-box\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"1\" align=\"center\" width=\"30%\">\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647<br \/>\n<a title=\"\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84\">\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644<\/a><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"1\" width=\"40%\"><b><a class=\"mw-redirect\" title=\"\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/a><\/b><a title=\"1854\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1854\">1854<\/a>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<a title=\"1863\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1863\">1863<\/a><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"1\">\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647<br \/>\n<a title=\"\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\" href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84\">\u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627\u00a0(1237 \u0647\u0640\u00a0\/\u00a01822\u00a0&#8211;\u00a01279 \u0647\u0640\u00a0\/\u00a018 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\u00a01863)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u0635\u0631\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u00a024 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u00a01854\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a018 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631\u00a01863\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u00a0\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.\u0648 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a &nbsp; 1\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 1.1\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 2\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647 3\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a01854\u0645. \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621\u00a0\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0628\u0633\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3982,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3981"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3981"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3981\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3982"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3981"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3981"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/noossocial.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3981"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}